Modified toner based additive for asphalt-based compositions

ABSTRACT

A modified toner based additive is a mixture of a toner powder and a second material selected from a group including a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof.

This document claims the benefit of priority in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/895,135 filed on Oct. 24, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/793,027 filed on Mar. 15, 2013, the full disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This document relates generally to the bituminous product field and more particularly to a modified toner based additive for asphalt-consumer products.

BACKGROUND

Asphalt-based consumer products including, but not limited to, pavements and coating compositions are well known in the art. Examples of asphalt-based pavements are found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,580,376 and 6,113,681. Examples of such coating compositions may be found in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,437,896, 4,759,799, 5,004,772, 5,362,316, 5,618,340, 5,622,554, 5,730,791 and 7,238,230.

Such asphalt-based coating compositions may be used in a broad range of applications including, but not limited to, roof construction, roof repair, pavement construction and pavement repair as well as to provide a protective coating for surfaces and various apparatus. Generally, asphalt-based coating compositions include (a) an asphalt cutback, which functions as a binder, (b) a clay constituent, which thickens the composition and provides gelling properties, (c) fillers and fibers, and (d) a surfactant constituent to aid in mixing of the clay and asphalt cutback.

The present document relates to a modified toner based additive for asphalt-based consumer products including pavements and coating compositions such as plastic roof cement. More specifically, the modified toner based additive may be substituted for at least a portion of the clay and/or fiber and/or filler component or constituent currently utilized in asphalt based coating compositions. Since the modified toner based additive is less expensive than the clay or fibers, this reduces the cost of the raw materials utilized in the asphalt based coating composition. Advantageously, the modified toner based additive builds the viscosity of the finished asphalt based coating composition making it particularly useful for roof cement applications. Further, the use of the modified toner polymer additive in asphalt-based coating compositions effectively allows the recycling of toner powder from disposable cartridges, bottles and other vessels thereby eliminating this material from waste dumps around the country.

Advantageously, the additives and compositions presented in this document are consistent with the current trend in industry toward industrial ecology, green chemistry and reduced carbon footprint. Toner resources are recovered and the embodied energy reused to the benefit of the environment, the consumer, and industry.

SUMMARY

In accordance with the purposes and benefits described herein a modified toner based additive comprises a mixture of a toner powder and a second material selected from a group consisting of a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof. In one possible embodiment the additive includes 8-98 weight percent toner powder and 2-92 weight percent of the second material. In another possible embodiment the additive includes 60-85 weight percent of toner powder and 15-40 weight percent of the second material. In yet another embodiment the additive includes 20-50 weight percent toner powder and 50-80 weight percent of the second material. The toner powder includes a plurality of individual polymer-based toner particles each having a polymer chain. The plurality of individual toner particles have undergone a physical change by establishing polymer chain entanglement (a) between different toner particles, (b) between toner particles and the second material or (c) between different toner particles and the second material.

In one possible embodiment the gelling clay is selected from a group of materials consisting of montmorillonite clay, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, gilsonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof.

In one possible embodiment the reactive agent is selected from a group consisting of a peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, a sulfur containing compound, sulfuric acid, sulfur and mixtures thereof. In one possible embodiment the elastomer is selected from a group consisting of latex rubber, crumb rubber, ground tire rubber, waste water-based paint and mixtures thereof. In one possible embodiment the functional filler is selected from a group consisting of fly ash, bag house fines, ash, carbon black and mixtures thereof.

In one possible embodiment the handling and agglomerating agent is selected from a group consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, water-based ink and mixtures thereof.

In one possible embodiment the compatibilizing agent is selected from a group consisting of maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted polymer, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), polyphosphoric acid (PPA), trans polyoctenamer rubber (TOR) and mixtures thereof. In one possible embodiment the modified toner based additive includes between 0.1 and 7.0 weight percent compatibilizer.

In yet another possible embodiment the modified toner based additive includes a first component selected from a first group consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, ash, fly ash, bag house fines, carbon black, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, clay, gilsonite clay, montmorillonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof and a second component selected from a second group consisting of an elastomer, crumb rubber, latex rubber, waste water-based paint, ground tire rubber and mixtures thereof. In one possible embodiment the weight percent ratio of the first component to the second component in the modified toner based additive is between 1 to 1 and 1 to 10. In one possible embodiment the weight percent ratio of toner powder to second component in the additive is between 1 to 1 and 1 to 6.

In one possible embodiment the modified toner based additive includes a weight percent ratio of toner to elastomer of between 1 to 1 and 1 to 6 so as to provide a single asphalt additive with a proper balance between plastomeric properties of the toner and elastomeric properties of said elastomer to improve both high temperature and low temperature performance.

In one possible embodiment the toner powder is selected from a group consisting of styrene acrylate-based toner powder, polyester-based toner powder, styrene-butadiene-based toner powder and mixtures thereof. Further the toner powder may be selected from a group consisting of black toner, cyan toner, yellow toner, magenta toner and combinations thereof. Still further, in one possible embodiment the toner powder includes dry toner powder, toner press cake and combinations thereof having a moisture content of 1-40% by weight. In yet another possible embodiment the toner powder includes less than 10% moisture content prior to mixing with the second material.

In still another possible embodiment the handling and agglomerating agent is a first wax having a first melting point P₁, and a second wax having a second melting point P₂ where P₁<P₂. In another possible embodiment the first wax is selected from a group of waxes consisting of hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax and mixtures thereof and the second wax is selected from a group of waxes consisting of sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, CPAO, microcrystalline wax and mixtures thereof. Further, the toner powder has a third melting point P₃ where P₁<P₃<P₂. In one possible embodiment the handling and agglomerating agent comprises between 25-95 weight percent of the first wax and between 5-75 weight percent of the second wax. In one possible embodiment the first wax has a melting point P₁ between 60° and 90° C. and a penetration at 25° C.<30 dmm and the second wax has a melting point P₂ between 80° and 100° C. and a penetration at 25° C.<7 dmm. Further, in one possible embodiment the additive is in a form of granules having a size range from 0.1-2.0 mm in diameter.

In accordance with an additional aspect a method is provided of producing a modified toner based additive. That method comprises the step of blending a mixture of toner powder and a second material selected from a group consisting of a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof. Further, the method includes mixing and agglomerating the additive in a high speed mixer and establishing molecular entanglements between polymer chains of individual toner powder particles and other ingredients.

In accordance with additional aspects a plastic roof cement is made with the additive described. In another possible embodiment a bituminous-based adhesive is made with the additive described. In yet another possible embodiment a bituminous-based sealant is made with the additive described. In still another possible embodiment a bituminous-based roof tile is made with the additive described.

These and other embodiments will be set forth in part in the description that follows, and in part will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings incorporated herein and forming a part of the specification, illustrate several aspects of the modified toner based additive and together with the description serve to explain certain principles thereof. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 illustrates polar-polar interaction between a toner particle and a treated crumb rubber particle.

FIG. 2 illustrates polar-polar interaction between a compatibilizer, a toner particle and a crumb rubber particle.

FIG. 3 illustrates polar-polar interaction between an untreated crumb rubber particle and a toner particle.

Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the additive, examples of which are described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A modified toner based additive comprises from 8-98 weight percent toner and 2-92 weight percent of a second material selected from a group consisting of a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof wherein molecular entanglements have been provided between polymer chains of the toner powder particles and other ingredients in the mixture. In another embodiment the additive comprises from 40-98 weight percent toner powder and 2-60 weight of the second material. In yet another embodiment, the additive comprises 60-85 weight percent toner powder and 15-40 weight percent of the second material. In yet another embodiment the additive comprises 20-50 weight percent toner powder and 80-50 weight percent of the second material. In one useful embodiment, the gelling clay is selected from a group including, but not necessarily limited to montmorillonite clay, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, gilsonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof.

In one embodiment, the reactive agent is selected from a group of such agents including, but not necessarily limited to, a peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, a sulfur containing compound, sulfuric acid, sulfur and mixtures thereof. The reactive agents react with the elastomers (e.g. ground tire rubber, crumb rubber) in the additive to modify the surface of the rubber to better allow bonding with (a) thermoplastics, such as the styrene butadiene polymer of the toner powder and (b) asphaltenes in the bitumen of the asphalt concrete. In one embodiment, the elastomer is selected from a group of elastomeric materials including, but not necessarily limited to latex rubber, crumb rubber, ground tire rubber, waste water-based paint and mixtures thereof. For purposes of this document the term “crumb rubber” includes both treated and untreated crumb rubber. Treated crumb rubber has been subjected to chemical processes in order to improve interfacial bonding between the rubber and additives, and between the rubber and asphalt/bitumen. For purposes of this document waste water-based paint includes latex paints.

In one embodiment, the functional filler is selected from a group of materials including, but not necessarily limited to ash, fly ash, bag house fines, carbon black and mixtures thereof. Functional fillers do more than standard fillers. For example, carbon black reduces oxidation damage to asphalt by increasing resistance to UV light. As another example, kaolin clay and calcined kaolin improve the mechanical properties, such as stress-strain properties, of plastomers such as the styrene butadiene found in some toner powders.

In one embodiment the handling and agglomerating agent is selected from a group of materials consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, water-based ink and mixtures thereof.

For purposes of this document, an unmodified listed ingredient includes new and recycled material while a listed ingredient modified by the term “recycled” includes only recycled material.

In another embodiment the modified toner based additive includes a first component selected from a group consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, ash, fly ash, bag house fines, carbon black, recycled water-based ink, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, clay, montmorillonite clay, gilsonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof and a second elastomeric component selected from a group consisting of an elastomer, crumb rubber, latex rubber, waste water-based paint, ground tire rubber and mixtures thereof. In this embodiment the weight percent ratio of the first component to the second component in the additive is between 1 to 1 and 1 to 10. In any of the embodiments, the modified toner based additive may include a weight ratio of toner to elastomer of between 1 to 1 and 1 to 6 so as to provide a single additive with a proper balance between plastomeric properties of the toner and elastomeric properties of the elastomer so as to improve both high temperature and low temperature performance of the asphalt product to which the additive is added.

The toner powder utilized in the modified toner additive is a polymer based material and, for example, may be selected from a group consisting of styrene acrylate-based toner powder, polyester-based toner powder, styrene-butadiene-based toner powder, tricomponent, dual component, mono component, magnetic, non-magnetic, black, color and mixtures thereof. The toner powder may include black toner, cyan toner, yellow toner, magenta toner, special colors and combinations thereof. Waste toner powder from used toner cartridges, bottles and other vessels or containers, waste hoppers, drums, gaylords, super sacs or tankers may be recycled and used in the modified toner powder additive. Toner powder may also be derived from new, faulty or out of date toner cartridges, bottles or other containers. Toner powder so used includes dry toner powder, toner press cake and combinations thereof having a moisture content of 1-40%. In one possible embodiment the toner powder includes less than 10% moisture content prior to mixing with the handling and agglomerating agent. In another possible embodiment, the toner powder includes more than 40% moisture content prior to mixing with the handling and agglomerating agent.

The modified toner based additive is prepared by mixing the toner press cake and/or dry toner powder with any of the desired gelling clays, reactive agents, functional fillers, elastomers and/or handling and agglomerating agents in, for example, a sigma blade or intensive mixer at very high shear rates. When this mixing is completed at moderate temperatures (from 40 to 70° C.) any elastomeric material in the mixture (e.g. waste water-based paint, latex rubber, crumb rubber, ground tire rubber) is submitted to thermal expansion. This thermal expansion opens the pores, cavities and pockets of the elastomeric material. The particles of toner are received in these open pores, cavities and pockets of the elastomer during mixing where they stick or cling in place and become entrapped as the elastomeric material cools. Further, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 3, in certain additive mixtures such as those including crumb rubber and toner powder, there is a polar-polar interaction (note dashed line) between the polymer of the toner powder particle T and the crumb rubber particle R which tends to help hold the particles together. Thus, the toner particles and elastomer material undergo a physical change during the mixing process which produces a more useful product.

In one useful embodiment, the additive is made with between 0.1 and 7.0 weight percent compatibilizer. In another useful embodiment, it is made with/includes between 1.0 and 5.0 weight percent compatibilizer. Such a compatibilizer may be selected from a group of materials consisting of a maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted polymer, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), polyphosphoric acid (PPA), trans polyoctenamer rubber (TOR), and mixtures thereof. Such compatibilizers are commercially available under a number of different trademarks including, but not necessarily limited to, Licocene Performance Polymer from Clariant, Elvaloy from Dupont, Vestenamer from Evonik Industries, Kraton from Shell Chemical Co., and Ceramer from Baker Petrolite.

Advantageously, the compatibilizer includes functional structures, such as benzene rings and carboxylic acid groups, that are available to provide sites for polar-polar interaction with complimentary sites on the polymer portions of the toner particles and elastomers, such as crumb rubber in the additive (see toner particle T, compatibilizer C and crumb rubber particle R in FIG. 2).

In one possible embodiment, the additive includes a first component selected from a first group consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, ash, fly ash, bag house fines, carbon black, recycled water-based ink, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, clay, gilsonite clay, montmorillonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof and a second component selected from a second group consisting of an elastomer, crumb rubber, latex rubber, waste water-based paint, ground tire rubber and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the weight percent ratio of the first component to the second component is between 1 to 1 and 1 to 10. In one embodiment the weight percent ratio of toner powder to the second component is between 1 to 1 and 1 to 6. In one embodiment, the additive includes a weight percent ratio of toner to elastomer of between 1 to 1 and 1 to 6 so as to provide a single asphalt additive with a proper balance between plastomeric properties of the toner and elastomeric properties of said elastomer to improve both high temperature and low temperature performance of any asphalt product to which the additive may be added.

In one embodiment, the handling and agglomerating agent is a first wax having a first melting point P₁, and a second wax having a second melting point P₂ where P₁<P₂. In one embodiment, the first wax is selected from a group of waxes consisting of hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax and mixtures thereof and the second wax is selected from a group of waxes consisting of sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax and mixtures thereof. In one embodiment the toner powder has a third melting point P₃ where P₁<P₃<P₂.

In one useful embodiment the handling and agglomerating agent comprises between 25-95 weight percent of the first wax and between 5-75 weight percent of the second wax. In such an embodiment the first wax melting point P₁ is between 60° C. and 90° C. with a penetration at 25° C.<30 dmm and the second wax melting point P₂ is between 80° C. and 100° C. with a penetration at 25° C.<7 dmm. More specifically, that first wax may be selected from a group of materials consisting of hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm wax, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax and mixtures thereof while the second wax may be selected from a group of materials consisting of sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax and mixtures thereof.

In one useful embodiment the modified toner based additive is in the form of granules having a size range from 0.1-2.0 mm in diameter. This aids in the safe and efficient handling of the material.

The toner powder utilized in the modified toner polymer additive is a polymer-based toner powder. Such polymer-based toner powder includes, but is not necessarily limited to, styrene acrylate-based toner powder, polyester-based toner powder, styrene-butadiene-based toner powder, tricomponent, dual component, mono component, magnetic, non-magnetic, black, color and mixtures thereof. The toner powder may include black toner, cyan toner, yellow toner, magenta toner, special colors and combinations thereof. Waste toner powder from used toner cartridges, bottles and other vessels or containers, waste hoppers, drums, gaylords, super sacs or tankers may be recycled and used in the modified toner powder additive. Toner powder may also be derived from new, faulty or out of date toner cartridges, bottles or other containers. The term “toner powder” as used in this document is to be broadly interpreted and includes dry toner powder, toner press cake and combinations thereof having a moisture content of 1-40%. In one possible embodiment the toner powder includes less than 10% moisture content prior to mixing with the oil. In another possible embodiment, the toner powder includes more than 25% moisture content prior to mixing with the oil.

The method of producing the modified toner based asphalt additive may be broadly described as comprising the step of blending a mixture of toner powder and a second material selected from a group consisting of a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof as previously described in this document. The method may also include adding additional ingredients to the additive based upon its ultimate use application (e.g. roof cement, roadway asphalt).

The method further includes the step of mixing and agglomerating the additive in a high speed mixer such as a sigma blade mixer, ribbon blender or shear blade mixer. Such high speed mixing subjects the toner particles to frictional heating, shear, sintering, coalescence and fusion which produce molecular or polymer chain entanglements. For example, when mixed with an elastomer such as crumb rubber, the toner particles are held to the crumb rubber by polar-polar interactions and tend to cling to and become embedded and entrapped in spaces and voids of the larger crumb rubber particles. As a consequence of the high speed mixing, the toner particles undergo a physical change that better prepares them for use as an asphalt additive.

An asphalt-based coating composition may be made utilizing the modified toner based additive. The asphalt-based coating composition may be broadly described as comprising an asphalt cutback and toner powder. That toner powder may be a modified toner powder additive as described above. In addition the coating composition may include a surfactant, a clay, fibers, fillers or a clay and a surfactant or combination of clay, fibers, fillers and surfactant. Clays useful in the coating composition include, but are not necessarily limited to, bentonite clays and attapulgite clays including magnesium aluminum silicate.

For the purposes of this document the term “surfactant” includes any appropriate surfactant known in the art to be useful for wetting clay, toner powder or modified toner powder to allow dispersion thereof in the asphalt cutback and aid in mixing. Surfactants useful for this purpose include, but are not limited to, a propoxylated alcohol-based ether amine salt surfactant, an acid constituent which has at least two alkyl groups bonded to the alpha carbon and an amine constituent, an acid alkoxylated fatty amine and alkoxylated ether amine, an alkoxylated alkyl amine salt surfactant and combinations thereof. Recycled water-based ink may be used as a surfactant in certain examples.

Still further, an asphalt-based roof cement may be provided. That asphalt-based roof cement may include 70-98 weight percent asphalt cutback and 2-30 weight percent additive. In one possible embodiment the additive includes toner powder. In another possible embodiment the additive is a modified toner polymer. For certain applications, the use of the modified toner polymer additive eliminates or reduces the need to include clays, fibers, fillers and surfactants in the coating composition formulation. This reduces raw material costs for those formulations.

In yet another possible embodiment the additive is a modified toner powder and clay. In still another possible embodiment the additive is a toner powder, modified toner powder and clay.

In one possible embodiment the roof cement includes 75-98 weight percent asphalt cutback and 2-25 weight percent modified toner based additive. In another possible embodiment the roof cement includes 80-95 weight percent asphalt cutback and 5-20 weight percent modified toner based additive. In either of these embodiments the roof cement may further include a surfactant in sufficient amount to wet the thickener or modified toner based additive and aid in mixing the modified toner based additive with the asphalt cutback.

Fillers and other additives may optionally be incorporated into the coating composition and roof cement. These are often utilized to modify the consistency and mechanical properties of the final material. Fillers may be useful to provide bulk and shrinkage control. Useful fillers include, but are not necessarily limited to, diatomaceous earth, sand, mica, ground limestone, pearlite, cellulosic fibers, talc, fiberglass fibers, polyolefin fibers, carbon nanotubes and mixtures thereof. For example one useful, refined mineral filler for use is asphalt products is sold under the trademark Sil-Cell. Useful anti-strip additives for the present application include those sold under the trademark AD-here LOF 65-00.

The following examples are provided to further illustrate the toner polymer additive and the coating compositions, plastic roof cements, bituminous based adhesives, mastics and sealants, bituminous based roof tiles, bituminous based shingles and roadway asphalts that may be made with the additive.

Example 1

Toner in the form of dry powder, wet press cake or combinations thereof with a moisture content in the range of 10-30% is added to a mixer. Sufficient engine oil to make up 2-10 weight percent of the total mixer content is then added to the mixer. Mixing is then completed for a sufficient amount of time to provide a homogeneous mixture. The modified toner polymer product is then transferred into super sacs, labeled and shipped to a customer.

Example 2

Asphalt cutback is added to a batch mixer. A sufficient amount of modified toner polymer from Example 1 is then added to the contents of the mixer to make up between 2-15 weight percent of those contents. This is done by lifting the super sac of modified toner polymer above the mixer with a fork truck, cutting an opening in the super sac and dumping the desired amount of modified toner polymer into the mixer. The modified toner polymer is then mixed with the asphalt cutback. Any other desired constituents, including surfactants, clay and any other additives desired to produce a coating composition or asphalt roof cement are also added to the mixer. If desired any clay and/or surfactant may be mixed with the modified toner polymer prior to mixing in the batch mixer with the asphalt cutback.

Example 3

Modified toner powder from example 1 is added to a pug mill (or similar) via screw conveyor. The mill contains raw bitumen, aggregate and other ingredients to produce a finished asphalt for use in road construction. The modified toner polymer makes up between 0.2 and 2% of the finished asphalt.

Example 4

Between 75-85 weight percent asphalt cutback, 10-20 weight percent Min-u-gel gelling agent, 8-12 weight percent clay, 3-7 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19, 3-5 weight percent Sil-Cel filler and 1-3 weight percent fine cellulose fiber are added to a batch mixer. All of the ingredients are mixed to provide a homogeneous plastic roof cement.

Example 5

Between 85-93 weight percent mineral aggregate in the form of crushed bluestone or similar, 3-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 20, 3-6 weight percent bitumen and 1-5 weight percent diesel fuel are added to a batch mixer and mixed to provide a homogeneous cold mix of asphalt cement.

Example 6

Between 73-83 weight percent bitumen, 5-20 weight percent ground recycled rubber from tires, 2-8 weight percent kerosene, 2-5 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19 and 0.25-0.5 weight percent adhesion agent (e.g. Vestenamer) are mixed in a batch mixer to produce a crumb rubber spray seal.

Example 7

Between 45-60 weight percent distillate-diesel fuel, 15-50 weight percent bitumen, 5-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 20 and 0.2-1.2 weight percent adhesion agent (e.g. Wetfix, Bitubind or Bondade CU-31) are mixed in a batch mixer to form a spray seal solution.

Example 8

55-65 weight percent bitumen, 40-55 weight percent distillate-diesel fuel and 5-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19 are mixed to produce a sealer.

Example 9

10-50 weight percent amorphous silica, 10-30 weight percent aliphatic petroleum distillates, 5-15 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19, 5-15 weight percent hydrous clay and 5-15 weight percent calcium carbonate are mixed to provide a sealer.

Example 10

25-35 weight percent crushed limestone, 20-35 weight percent naptha-hydrosulfeurized heavy oil, 12-25 weight percent bitumen, 3-10 weight percent cellulose and 2-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19 are mixed in a batch mixer to provide a homogenous mastic.

Example 11

40-60 weight percent oxidized asphalt, 20-40 weight percent Stoddard solvent, 5-15 weight percent crushed limestone, 1-9 weight percent Fuller's Earth, 1-9 weight percent cellulose and 1-9 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19 are mixed in a batch mixer to provide a homogeneous mastic.

Example 12

30-50 weight percent petroleum asphalt, 20-40 weight percent mineral spirits, 2-10 weight percent amine salts, 2-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 19, 2-10 weight percent amorphous glass fibers, 2-10 weight percent clay attapulgite and 2-10 weight percent cellulose fibers are mixed to produce a homogeneous mastic.

Example 13

94-100 weight percent asphalt, 0.1-6 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 20, 0.1-6 weight percent sulfur compounds (e.g. Sulphur dioxide), 0.1-1.2 weight percent anti-stripping additive (e.g. Bitubind AS 18, 0.1-6 weight percent polyphosphoric acid and 0.0-0.1 weight percent hydrogen sulfide are mixed in a batch mixer to produce a homogeneous asphalt binder.

Example 14

94-100 weight percent asphalt, 5-15 weight percent modified toner powder additive of Example 20 and 5-15 weight percent modified toner powder additive of Example 21 are mixed to produce a homogeneous asphalt binder.

Example 15

A mixture of 25-45 weight percent crushed limestone, 20-35 weight percent oxidized asphalt, 10-20 weight percent mineral granules and 10-20 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 21 are used to treat a 3-5 weight percent cellulose pulp rolled into a mat and vacuum dried. The process involves wetting the cellulose fibres into a pulp, then rolling the pulp into a thin film, vacuum drying the pulp, then immersing the mat in a saturation tank filled with modified asphalt. The composite is then dried and cut into shingle form before dusting with sand or talc to prevent sticking during storage and transport.

Example 16

A mixture of 50-70 weight percent crushed limestone, 20-40 weight percent oxidized asphalt, 20-40 weight percent mineral granules, 2-15 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 21 and 2-4 weight percent backing (sand, talc, crystalline syllica, quartz) are used to treat a 5-8 weight percent fiberglass mat. The mat is rolled flat and immersed in a saturator tank filled with modified asphalt. The roll is then dried and cut into shingle form then the back of the shingle is coated with sand or talc to stop sticking during storage and transportation.

Example 17

85-97 weight percent cationic rapid set bitumen emulsion, 5-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 20 and 2-5 weight percent bitumen are mixed to provide a homogeneous emulsion.

Example 18

35-65 weight percent petroleum asphalt, 10-30 weight percent bentonite clay, 2-15 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 21, 2-10 weight percent modified toner based additive of Example 20, 1-3 weight percent surfactant (e.g. recycled water based ink or paint), 1-3 weight percent defoamer (e.g. Alken Antifoam ID 880 available from Alken-Murray Corporation) and 1-3 weight percent bacteriacide (e.g. Earthtec ID EPA#64962-1 available from Earth Science Laboratories, Inc.) are mixed to produce a homogeneous emulsion.

Example 19

Toner in the form of toner press cake with a moisture content between 10-40% is added to a sigma blade mixer with soybean oil (98 weight percent toner and 2 weight percent soybean oil). The mixture is then blended for 30 minutes at 45° C. to produce a homogeneous modified toner based additive.

Example 20

Toner in the form of dry toner powder is added to a high speed (intensive) mixer with recycled engine oil (92 weight percent toner and 8 weight percent recycled engine oil). The mixture is then blended for 20 minutes at 70-110° C. to produce a homogeneous modified toner based additive.

Example 21

Toner in the form of toner press cake with a moisture content of 40% is added to a sigma blade mixer with 50 mesh ground tire rubber and soybean oil (48 weight percent toner, 50 weight percent ground tire rubber and 2 weight percent soybean oil). The mixture is then blended for 25 minutes at 52° C. to produce a homogeneous modified toner based additive.

Example 22

Toner in the form of toner press cake with a moisture content of 40% is added to a high speed mixer with 30 mesh ground tire rubber and compatibilizer such as sasobit, Vestenamer or Elvaloy (48 weight percent toner, 50 weight percent ground tire rubber and 2 weight percent compatibilizer). The mixture is then blended for 15 minutes at 105° C., then cooled to produce a homogeneous modified toner based additive.

The foregoing has been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the embodiments to the precise form disclosed. Obvious modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled. 

What is claimed:
 1. A modified toner based additive, comprising: a mixture of a toner powder and a second material selected from a group consisting of a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof.
 2. The additive of claim 1 including: 8-98 weight percent toner powder; 2-92 weight percent of said second material.
 3. The additive of claim 1 wherein said toner powder includes a plurality of individual polymer-based toner particles having a polymer chain and said plurality of individual toner particles have undergone a physical change by establishing polymer chain entanglement (a) between different toner particles, (b) between toner particles and said second material or (c) between different toner particles and said second material.
 4. The additive of claim 2, wherein said gelling clay is selected from a group consisting of montmorillonite clay, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, gilsonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof.
 5. The additive of claim 4, wherein said reactive agent is selected from a group consisting of a peroxide, hydrogen peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, a sulfur containing compound, sulfuric acid, sulfur and mixtures thereof.
 6. The additive of claim 5, wherein said elastomer is selected from a group consisting of latex rubber, crumb rubber, ground tire rubber, waste water-based paint and mixtures thereof.
 7. The additive of claim 6, wherein said functional filler is selected from a group consisting of fly ash, bag house fines, ash, carbon black and mixtures thereof.
 8. The additive of claim 7, wherein said handling and agglomerating agent is selected from a group consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, water-based ink and mixtures thereof.
 9. The additive of claim 8 wherein said compatibilizing agent is selected from a group of materials consisting of maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted polymer, benzoyl peroxide (BPO), polyphosphoric acid (PPA), trans polyoctenamer rubber (TOR) and mixtures thereof.
 10. The additive of claim 9, wherein said modified toner based additive mixture includes between 0.1 and 7.0 weight percent compatibilizer.
 11. The additive of claim 2, wherein said modified toner based additive includes a first component selected from a first group consisting of an oil, a wax, soybean oil, linseed oil, engine oil, recycled engine oil, vegetable oil, engineering oil, recycled engineering oil, ship oil, recycled ship oil, olive oil, hydraulic oil, hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax, sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, microcrystalline wax, ash, fly ash, bag house fines, carbon black, recycled water-based ink, kaolin clay, calcined kaolin clay, clay, gilsonite clay, montmorillonite clay, bentonite clay, attapulgite clay and mixtures thereof and a second component selected from a second group consisting of an elastomer, crumb rubber, latex rubber, waste water-based paint, ground tire rubber and mixtures thereof.
 12. The additive of claim 11, wherein a weight percent ratio of said first component to said second component in said modified toner based additive is between 1 to 1 and 1 to
 10. 13. The additive of claim 11 wherein a weight percent ratio of toner powder to second component in said additive is between 1 to 1 and 1 to
 6. 14. The additive of claim 1 wherein said modified toner based additive includes a weight percent ratio of toner to elastomer of between 1 to 1 and 1 to 6 so as to provide a single asphalt additive with a proper balance between plastomeric properties of said toner and elastomeric properties of said elastomer to improve both high temperature and low temperature performance.
 15. The additive of claim 2, wherein said toner powder is selected from a group consisting of styrene acrylate-based toner powder, polyester-based toner powder, styrene-butadiene-based toner powder and mixtures thereof.
 16. The additive of claim 15, wherein said toner powder is selected from a group consisting of black toner, cyan toner, yellow toner, magenta toner and combinations thereof.
 17. The additive of claim 16, wherein said toner powder includes dry toner powder, toner press cake and combinations thereof having a moisture content of 1-40%.
 18. The additive of claim 17, wherein said toner powder includes less than 10% moisture content prior to mixing with said second material.
 19. The additive of claim 1, including: 60-85 weight percent toner powder; 15-40 weight percent of said second material.
 20. The additive of claim 1, including: 20-50 weight percent toner powder; 50-80 weight percent of said second material.
 21. The additive of claim 1, wherein said handling and agglomerating agent is a first wax having a first melting point P₁, and a second wax having a second melting point P₂ where P₁<P₂.
 22. The additive of claim 21, wherein said first wax is selected from a group of waxes consisting of hydrogenated castor oil (HCO), hydrogenated palm oil, stearic acid, sasol C80, montan E, paraffin, carnauba wax, slack wax and mixtures thereof and said second wax is selected from a group of waxes consisting of sasol H1, recycled PE wax, sasobit, CPAO, microcrystalline wax and mixtures thereof.
 23. The additive of claim 22, wherein said toner powder has a third melting point P₃ where P₁<P₃<P₂.
 24. The additive of claim 23, wherein said handling and agglomerating agent comprises between 25-95 weight percent of said first wax and between 5-75 weight percent of said second wax.
 25. The additive of claim 24, wherein said first wax has a melting point P₁ between 60° and 90° C. and a penetration at 25° C.<30 dmm and said second wax has a melting point P₂ between 80° and 100° C. and a penetration at 25° C.<7 dmm.
 26. The additive of claim 2, wherein said additive is in a form of granules having a size range from 0.1-2.0 mm in diameter.
 27. A method of producing a modified toner based additive, comprising: blending a mixture of toner powder and a second material selected from a group consisting of a gelling clay, a reactive agent, an elastomer, a functional filler, a handling and agglomerating agent, a compatibilizer and mixtures thereof.
 28. The method of claim 27, including mixing and agglomerating said additive in a high speed mixer and establishing polymer chain entanglements between polymer chains of individual toner powder particles.
 29. The method of claim 27 including establishing polymer chain entanglements between polymer chains of individual toner powder particles and particles of any elastomer present in said additive.
 30. A plastic roof cement made with the additive of claim
 1. 31. A bituminous-based adhesive made with the additive of claim
 1. 32. A bituminous-based sealant made with the additive of claim
 1. 33. A bituminous-based roof tile made with the additive of claim
 1. 34. A plastic roof cement incorporating toner powder.
 35. A bituminous-based adhesive incorporating toner powder.
 36. A bituminous-based sealant incorporating toner powder.
 37. A bituminous-based roof tile incorporating toner powder. 